Here's English Translation by (
http://translate.google.com/translate_t):The history of the Tajik people is closely linked with the history of other Central Asian nations: the Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Turkmen. Their ancestors - baktriytsy, sogdiytsy, saki, massagety - occupied the territory of Central Asia, as well as Horasana (part of modern Iran) and the Hindu Kush (Afghanistan).
Ancient slave states here were Bactria and Sogdiana, lying on the banks of the Amu-top gifts. In VI-IV centuries. Mr before. e. they belonged to Ahemenidskuyu empire created by the Persians. Baktriytsy and sogdiypy were settled farmers, they also engaged in trade and commerce. The main form of economy they serve generic rural communities with large patriarchal families, and slave relationship existed. Ahemenidskaya Power in the city before Mr. 330. e. disintegrated under the pressure of Greco-Macedonian troops.
Baktriytsy, sogdiytsy and other peoples of Central Asia, despite the heroic resistance armies of Alexander the Great, had been conquered. Approximately 200 years later, the population of Bactria and agricultural areas, along with Sogdiany massagetskimi nomadic tribes overthrew the Greek-Macedonian rule. In Bactria formed Toharistan State, which subsequently together with Sogdianoy and other areas of Central Asia joined the vast Kushan kingdom. Through Toharistan extend "silk road". Silk bought in the markets of the river basin Tarima and carried to the countries of Greco-Roman West. In the opposite direction from Rome and Byzantium in China went glass products (crystal, fine colourful 'glass), from Central Asia - items of jewellery, precious stones, from India - paper and woolen fabrics, spices.
In VI-VII centuries. in Toharistane and Sogdiane were still many slaves. However, there was already a process of formation of feudal social relations. The result was the recovery of its economy and culture. At the gold mines of iron, copper, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, ruby, built irrigation canals, and in arid places arranged kyariznoe irrigation. Increased importance feudal cities, they have developed crafts and trade. The main language became Sogdian.
With the development of feudal relations emerged polusamostoyatelnyh and many independent principalities. They were very weak and not able to confront the Arabs, who VII-VIII centuries. incursion into Central Asia. Aliens forcibly introduce their religion - Islam and the Arabic language, imposed onerous taxes and tax, were forced to perform heavy work.
During his flourished, it stretches from the deserts of Central Asia to the Persian Gulf and from the border district of India to Baghdad. In the process of education Samanidah Tajik people, it became the dominant language.
State Samanid more than 100 years lived a peaceful life, which contributed to the flowering of the cities, crafts, the development of agriculture and trade, mining. It was a true renaissance that gave the world the great humanists, such as the Tajik-founder of Persian poetry preconfiguration Rudaki, the creator of immortal poem "Shahname" Firdousi and world-renowned scientist encyclopedist Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna). But gradually class struggle, feudal rivalries and frequent raids of nomads and shattered samanidskoe weakened state, in which 999 died under the blows of the city of Turkic tribes. At the ruins of his dynasty founded their power Karahanidov (northern) and Gaznevidov (in the south). At that time, widespread land pozhalovanie prominent military commanders, the so-called ikta. Instead of the old hereditary landowners (farmers) has acquired new importance to civic groups - landowners who stepped iktadory-operation farmers. It was a time of rapid urban growth. Of particular importance acquired Progress-zhent. It evolved crafts and establish trade with the near and distant countries: India, Iran, Russia.
In mid-XII century. Central Asia emerged States Seldzhukov. Seljuks - Turkish nomadic tribes - in search of places for wintering opposed Gaznevidov, and the defeat of their troops, established its dominance.
At the beginning of XIII. (1219-1221's.) Mongols conquered Central Asia, predvoditelstvuemye-Chingis Khan. Shortly before his death, he divided the captured land between their sons. The main cultural areas of Central Asia entered the ulus (fate) of his second son Chagataya. The Government has retained all previously existing tax and duties, including land rents, and introduced new ones. The people resisted. Especially in a major uprising erupted in 1238 in Bukhara, which was headed by Mahmoud Tarabi craftsman.
Directional against Mongols and the feudal-exploitative top of it, like all others, was crushed with great brutality.
The next century was marked by a struggle Chagatai khans behind strong ties with settled cultural centers, with Mongolian military-nomadic know uphold a nomadic lifestyle. The coming to power in 1370 Timur temporarily rekratil feudal strife. Carried several two-conquest hikes, imur created enormous power from the table in Samarkand. Most of the territory of modern-era .. Tajikistan this part of the empire.
In a powerful Power Timur city prospered, vostanovleny were abandoned during the Mongol conquest of agricultural oases of Central Asia, developed astronomy, mathematics, history, literature, art.
Vnutridinasticheskaya fighting and raids of nomads and this shattered empire. Chief nomadic tribes Muhammad Sheyba-ki-khan. using the enmity between the descendants of Timur, he was in 1500-1507. conquered Central Asia. When it consisted of giving the state the biggest - Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Balkh, headed by members stood sheybanidskoy dynasty and large feudal lords. And only in the second half of XVI. the country was united. From 1557 to Central Asia in 1598 sheybanid rules Abdullah Khan. In its capital, he made Bukhara, creating a Buharskoe khanate. As in 1598 Abdullah Khan was killed and power was transferred to the dynasty of Al-tarhanidov. They managed to keep a large part of Central Asia and the area of Balkh. However, in the XVII century. feudal strife worsened again. In this era formed Hivinskoe khanate.
Due to continuous wars and exorbitant taxes economy khanates came into decay. As in past centuries, rulers handed feudal lords and their approximate land together with the peasants, who became their city.
In the next century (XVIII century). Khanates of Central Asia remained underdeveloped and politically fragmented. This was due mainly to weak development of commodity production and lack natsionalgo market.
At the time, in the territory of modern Tajikistan existed Kulyabskoe, Gissarskoe, Karateginskoe, Darvazskoe, Vahanskoe, Shugnanskoe principality.
The areas populated by Tajiks, were members of the various khanates and the States. Most Tajiks Central Asia lived in Bukhara and Kokand khanate-Pacific, the smaller part - in the Tajik autonomous principalities.
In the second half of the XIX century. Central Asia was conquered by Russia in its territory and formed Turkestanskoe-General Governorate. It entered northern Tajikistan and the Pamirs, and the central and southern areas (the so-called Eastern Bukhara) were in the possession of Russian vassal king - Emir of Bukhara. Since then, the development of these areas of Tajikistan went different ways. In the territory otoshedshey to Russia, has gradually evolved capitalist relations, based oil and cotton-cleaning plants, build oil and coal, formed local proletariat, albeit small, fixings commodity-money relations.
At the end of the XIX century. Tsarist Government has conducted some agrarian reform. Sedentary population received irrigated land. Significant amounts of land were seized in favor of Treasury. The new agrarian device, but can not eliminate feudal relations, but merely created the conditions for the emergence of capitalist tenure. A grow and become a new class - the kulaks, which is concentrated in the hands of the best land. Earth's major owners given in rent-chayrikeram Sharecropper, their work was much cheaper than wage. A large spread of agricultural workers were also-day - mardikory.
In Eastern Bukhara, which emirskie rulers seen as its colony, the situation was particularly poor Tajiks. Increased taxes, numerous duties, lawlessness caused in bekstvah, which divided emirate, frequent unrest. Especially famous was a major uprising in 1885 in Bald-zhuanskom bekstve, who guided the blacksmith Vose. In 1900 rebel peasants Kelifskogo bekstva in in 1901 - Dena-accelerated, in 1902, - Kurgan-Tyube. All these statements dekhkan masses brutally suppressed.
In the summer of 1916, Central Asia erupted most massive in its history uprising. It began in the north of Tajikistan (Khujand, Kostakoz, Ura-Tyube, Penjikent), and then engulfed the entire Turkestan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, part of the Urals and Astrakhan province, populated Kazakhs. The uprising, mostly peasant, emerged spontaneously. The reason for it - Tsarist government mobilized local people to rear of work. Tsar's, and in Bukhara emirskimi troops revolt was suppressed, but it played a big role by preparing workers to fight against autocracy and local feudal lords.
The working people of Central Asia met with enthusiasm news of the overthrow of Tsarism. In the cities of Turkestan, including in Khujand, Ura-Tyube, New Samarkand and Bukhara (Kagan), emerged councils of workers and Soldiers' Deputies. In their request on March 31, 1917 was abolished Turkestanskoe-General Governorate. But then seized power bourgeoisie, formed a committee of the Interim Government. The committee has continued to maintain the old colonial regime and national oppression. Emir of Bukhara to continue indefinitely the rules of their possessions. Therefore February revolution that has changed little in the life of peasants and workers Turkestan.
The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in 1917 sounded the signal to fight for Soviet power in Central Asia. In November 1917 the councils won in Tashkent, and soon, and in much of Turkestan, including in northern Tajikistan and in the Pamirs. In April 1918 the V congress of Soviets Turkestan province proclaimed education Turkestan ASSR, which became part of the RSFSR.
In August 1918 he formed the Communist Party of Bukhara, headed the workers' struggle for their liberation emirate. She developed a programme to overthrow the Emir of power. Combined forces of Bukhara red brigades and part of the Red Army on August 30, 1920 siege Bukhara. The next day, Amir escaped from the city of Dushanbe. Sturm Buhary revolt ended with a victory, and on September 2 commander Turkestanskim Front MV Frunze Telegraph V. I. Lenin on the fall emirate.
October 6, 1920 First Vsebuharsky kurultay (congress) proclaimed the establishment of People's Deputies of the Soviet People's Republic of Bukhara (BNSR). It was called not a socialist and popular because it is not yet ripe political and economic conditions for the establishment of socialist relations. Government BNSR stated on the equality of all nationalities and repeal taxes, the Emir of confiscated land, feudal lords and officials declared the property industry people.
Farmers were exempt from taxes, households affected by the war, provided credit, seeds,
agricultural tools. Everywhere opened schools, various courses and hospitals.
The most important political and economic significance for the young republic had a declaration on the emancipation of women and universal education.
Huge funds sent to the state for road construction, construction of irrigation systems, mechanization of agriculture.
Sown area in 1941, grew compared to 1913, more than 1.5 times. Tajikistan has become the main base finelyfibred cotton in the USSR.
During the Second World War, about 50 thousand fighters-Tajiks for bravery and courage were awarded orders and medals, and 40 wars awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the economy of Tajikistan rose to a new stage. Continued to increase production of raw cotton. Tajikistan in our country ranks first on the yield of cotton and a third of gross collection.
